5 Ancient Cities to Visit in Turkey

Turkey, home to dozens of civilizations over the centuries, is a treasure trove of ancient cities and cultural heritage. The country’s rich historical and cultural diversity makes it a unique destination for exploration. Let’s take a closer look at five remarkable ancient cities of Turkey.

5 Ancient Cities to Visit in Turkey

1. Gobeklitepe

Located 15 km from the center of Sanliurfa, Gobeklitepe is an archaeological site that has revolutionized our understanding of human history. First discovered in 1963, its true significance began to emerge with excavations led by German archaeologist Klaus Schmidt in 1994. These excavations uncovered monumental stone circles, some with T-shaped pillars reaching up to 5.5 meters in height, as well as cult structures dating back more than 12,000 years. This site, situated in Upper Mesopotamia, offers a glimpse into the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities. Some of the stone pillars are adorned with carvings of animals, suggesting that the people of Göbeklitepe held animistic beliefs. Klaus Schmidt referred to it as a temple, although ongoing excavations have revealed that it was not just a ritual site, but also a thriving settlement that flourished between 9600 and 8000 BC.

Anas Crecca Travel can arrange a private daily tour to Sanliurfa, including a visit to Gobeklitepe. Don’t hesitate to get in touch for more details.

2. Ephesus

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015, Ephesus is one of the best-preserved ancient cities in the world. Archaeological research began in the mid-19th century, and over time, excavations of the ancient city and its surrounding settlements have revealed the immense historical significance of Ephesus. Throughout history, powerful leaders—such as Alexander the Great and Roman Emperor Augustus—understood that controlling Ephesus was key to maintaining stability in Anatolia.

Ephesus was also an important religious center. It was home to one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: the Temple of Artemis. In later centuries, the city became significant to Christians, as it is believed that both the Virgin Mary and St. John lived and died there. The Council of Ephesus, held in 431 AD, was a pivotal event in Christian history, affirming the unity of Jesus’ nature and person, while also elevating Mary’s status as Theotokos, the Mother of God.

In addition to its religious importance, Ephesus was a renowned center of medicine and philosophy in ancient Greece. The pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus, born in Ephesus, remains a subject of study at major universities today.

For more information about our tour options to Ephesus please click link below:

Ephesus Tours

3. Sardis

The ancient city of Sardis is located in the Manisa province of western Turkey, nestled at the foot of the Bozdag Mountains and along the Gediz River. From the time of the Lydian Empire through the Roman period, Sardis played a significant role in history. It served as the capital and sole city of the Lydians from 1000 to 550 BC.

The Lydians, an Anatolian people, are credited with inventing coinage—a revolutionary technology that was quickly adopted by neighboring civilizations and transformed the economy of the ancient world. One of the most impressive features of Sardis is the tumulus at Bintepe, which is the largest burial mound in Anatolia. The Lydians were also famous for their exceptional craftsmanship in ivory, gold, textiles, and other luxurious materials, though only a few examples of their work have survived in Sardis.

After Alexander the Great took control of Sardis, the city became a major Greek polis, and the Temple of Artemis—one of the largest Ionic temples—was constructed here. During the Roman period, the city saw the construction of a massive public bath and gymnasium complex. Remarkably, part of this Roman gymnasium was later converted into a synagogue, which became one of the largest in the ancient world.

Today, visitors can explore the ruins of the acropolis, the Byzantine walls, and other ancient structures. A visit to Sardis is sure to leave you in awe of its rich history and archaeological significance.

4. Sagalassos

Located 100 km from Antalya in southwestern Turkey, Sagalassos is a hidden gem for those seeking to explore destinations beyond the popular tourist spots. Known as the longest-running pottery production center of the ancient world, Sagalassos played a significant role in trade and craftsmanship.

Situated near the Taurus Mountains, the city had access to numerous natural water sources, and one of its most impressive features is the Antonine Fountain, built between 160-180 AD, which continues to flow to this day.

Sagalassos is also notable for its unique blend of pagan mythology and Christian symbols, offering visitors a fascinating glimpse into the cultural and religious history of the region. Additionally, the breathtaking views from the ancient city make it a must-visit for anyone interested in history, archaeology, and stunning landscapes.

5. Pergamon

Pergamon is one of Turkey’s most significant ancient sites, located 120 km from Izmir and 26 km from the Aegean coast. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the title “Pergamon and Its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape,” this city boasts a rich and diverse history. First settled by the Aeolian Greeks in the 8th century BC, Pergamon rose to prominence as a cultural and intellectual center under the Pergamene dynasty in the 3rd century BC.

From the awe-inspiring Hellenistic ruins of Pergamon to the picturesque coastal villages nearby, the city is a must-visit destination. The Library of Pergamon, once the second-largest in the ancient world, was also where parchment was first used for writing. Pergamon was renowned as a major center of healing in ancient Greece and later became an important Christian site, housing one of the Seven Churches of Revelation.

For more fascinating details, be sure to check out our article on 15 Fascinating Facts About Pergamon.