10 Fascinating Facts About Pergamon

Pergamon is one of Turkey’s most important ancient sites, located 120 km from Izmir and 26 km from the Aegean coast. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the title “Pergamon and Its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape,” this city has a rich history. First settled by the Aeolian Greeks in the 8th century BC, it became a cultural and intellectual hub under the Pergamene dynasty in the 3rd century BC. From the imposing Hellenistic ruins of Pergamum to the charming coastal villages nearby, Pergamon is a must-visit destination. Here are some fascinating facts to spark your curiosity:

Pergamon Was a Major Cultural Center of the Ancient Greek World

Under the Attalid dynasty (281 BC to 133 BC), Pergamon rose to prominence as one of the most important cultural centers of the ancient world. The Acropolis was extensively remodeled, attracting artisans, philosophers, and scientists, making Pergamon a beacon of intellectual achievement.

The Library of Pergamon Was the Second Largest in the Ancient World
Pergamon housed a legendary library, second only to the Library of Alexandria. According to Plutarch, it contained about 200,000 volumes. Built by King Eumenes II between 220 and 159 BCE at the northern end of the Acropolis, the library became one of the world’s most renowned. Pergamon was also a leading center for parchment production, and the word “parchment” itself comes from the city (via Latin pergamenum and French parchemin).

The Pergamon Altar is Now in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin
Excavated between 1878 and 1886 by German engineer Carl Humann, the Pergamon Altar was transported to Berlin. Measuring 35.74 meters (117 feet) wide and 33.4 meters (109 feet) deep, it features a stunning frieze depicting the Gigantomachy, the battle between giants and Olympian gods. It’s now displayed in the Pergamon Museum as one of the most impressive ancient artifacts.

Pergamon Was a Major Healing Center
Situated on the west side of Pergamon Hill, the Asclepion Temple was dedicated to the gods Asclepius and Hygieia. It thrived during the 2nd century as a renowned healing center offering mud baths, herbal remedies, and music therapy. The famous physician Galen was born in Pergamon and practiced medicine here, laying the foundation for much of Western medicine.

Pergamon Is Mentioned in the Bible
Pergamon appears twice in the New Testament (Revelation 1:11 and 2:12-13) as one of the Seven Churches of Revelation. It was known for its pagan practices and idol worship, leading to significant persecution of early Christians. In Revelation, Pergamon is referred to as “where Satan has his throne,” a symbolic reference to its pagan power.

A Rich Archaeological Site
Pergamon is one of the most famous archaeological sites in Anatolia. Highlights include the Temple of Athena, the 15,000-seat theater carved into the hillside, and the impressive Red Basilica. Originally built by Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century CE, the Red Basilica was dedicated to the gods Serapis and Isis and later converted into a Christian church.

Pergamon Was a City of Firsts
Pergamon is known for several groundbreaking achievements. It was home to the first theater with a wooden stage, the first parchment paper made from animal skin, and the first use of opium-based medicine. The city also housed the first major hospital and pharmacological center of the ancient world.

Pergamon Tours

A Festival Celebrating Pergamon’s Heritage
Each year, a festival in Pergamon begins the first week of June and lasts for 15 days. The event showcases the social, cultural, and artistic traditions of the region, featuring local handicrafts and performances by international artists. It’s a vibrant celebration of Pergamon’s rich cultural heritage.

The Pergamon Altar Took 20 Years to Build
The Pergamon Altar, built by King Eumenes II around 170 BCE, took approximately 20 years to complete. It was a major religious and architectural monument, with its massive sacrificial altar and the stunning frieze showing the battle between the gods and the giants. Its artistic and architectural significance is unparalleled in the ancient world.

Pergamon’s Strategic Location
Pergamon’s hilltop location gave it a commanding view of the surrounding landscape. This strategic positioning, combined with its advanced city planning and architectural wonders, made it a powerful city-state and a key player in the ancient Mediterranean world.

With its rich history, stunning ruins, and profound cultural legacy, Pergamon offers countless reasons to be explored. Whether you’re interested in ancient architecture, early medicine, or biblical history, Pergamon is a destination that promises to captivate and inspire.

Best Pergamon tour options for 2025 below.